Nursing Students For Diploma and B.Sc
Diploma and B.Sc
What is Computer ?
The Word "Computer" is comes from the Latin word "compute" Which means to calculate or compute. So Computer means Calculating Machine device.
Computer is an electronic device which is used to store the data, as per given instructions it gives results quickly and accurately.
Explain the uses of computer in different field?
Briefly explain the characteristic of computer?
- An automatic machine works by itself without human intervention.
- However, computers being machines cannot start themselves and cannot go our and find their own problems and solutions
- A computer is a very fast device.
- It can perform in a few seconds, the amount of work that a human being can do in an entire year- If he worked day and night and did nothing else.
- The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate date.
- A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue etc.
- It can work for hours without creating any error.
- It can perform a wide variety of tasks.
- Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data
Briefly Explain the Characteristics of Digital Computer?
Increasing Popularity of computers has proved that it is a very powerful and useful tool.
1.Automatic:
An automatic machine works by itself without human intervention
However computers being machines cannot start themselves and cannot go out and find their own problems and solutions.
2.Speed:
A computer is a very fast device.
It can perform in a few seconds, the amount of work that a human being can do in an entire year- it he/she worked day and night and did nothing else.
3.Accuracy:
The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data.
4. Diligence:
It is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration.
5. Versatility:
It can perform a wide variety of tasks.
6.Power of Remembering:
Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data
No IQ:
Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do anywork without instruction frm the user
No Feeling:
It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience.
Storage:
The Computer has an in-bullt memory where it can store a large amount of data.
Write down the uses of computer in medical sector?
a. Education: Getting the right kind of information is a major challenge as is getting imformation to make sense. College students spend an average of 5-6 hours a week on th internat.
b.Health and Medicine: Computer technology is radically changing the tools of medicine. All medical information can now be digitized. Software is now able to computer the risk of a disease.
C.Science : Scientists have logn been users of it. A new adventure among scientists is the idea of a "Collaborator" an internet based collaborative laboratory.
d. Business : Business clearly see the interest as a way to enhance Productivity and Competitiveness. Some areas of business that are undergoing rapid changes are sales and marketing, retailing, banking, stock trading etc.
e. Governemt : Various departments of the Government use computer for their planning, control and law enforcement activities.
H.Sports: In today's technologically growing society, computers are being used in nearly every actiity.
I. Recording Information: Official statistics keepers and some scouts use computers to record statistice, take notes and chat online while attending and working at a sports event.
J. Writers: Many sportswriters attend several sporting events a week and they take their computers with them to write during the game of shortly after while their thoughts are fresh in their mind.
K.Safely: Computers have aided in the design of safety of safely equipment in sports such as football helmets to shoes to mouth guards.
Difference between Analog and Digital Computer
Q. What is information technology?Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data.
Q. Write down the importance of Information Technology.Answer: We are living in the information age and are constantly inundated from every area within our lives with information technology. It is now a part of our everyday lives and has greatly impacted society. We use information technology to do school work, research for work, recreation and almost anything else that can be imagined. Family and friends are able to stay connected through internet applications and smart devices.
Q. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of IT?
Advantages
of IT
Disadvantages:
1.Unemployment
and lack of job security..... implementing the information systems can save a
great deal of time during the completion of tasks and some labor mechanic works
2. Dominant
culture: While information technology
may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one
culture dominating another weaker one.
3.Security
issues........ thieves and hackers get access to identities and corporate
saboteurs target sensitive company data.
4.
Implementation expenses...... to integrate the
information system it require pretty good amount of cost in a case of
software, hardware and people.
What is ICT?
Answer: ICT
or Information and communication Technology
is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing.
OR
ICT stands
for information and communication Technologice. ICT refers to technologics that
provide access to information through telecommunications.
Q. Write
down the Advantages and disadvantages if ICT.
Advantages:
1.Speeds the
sending of information.
2.Improves
organizational communication
3.Speeds
decision making in an organization
4.Increases
participation in organizational processes
5.Influences
the way people interact in organizations
6.structures
organization life
7.Supports
open discussions
8.Eliminates
stereotypical classifications
9.Provides a
voice to those who normally would not speak up in groups.
Disadvantages:
1.Poor
substitute for face to face communication.
2.Difficulty
Training Employees
3. Expensive
4. Not Safe.
Q. Discuss
information processing cycle?
Information
Processing cycle:
Imformation
processsing cycle is a sequence of events consisting of input, Processing,
storage & output. These events are similar as in case of data processing
cycle. In order for a computer to perform useful work the computer has to
receive instructions and data from the outside world.
Four phases
of the information Processing Cycle:
1.
Input:
Computer receives data and instructions
2.
Process:
Computer applies instructions to data to produce information (organized data)
3.
Storage:
Saving the information for subscquent use or use in future.
4.
Output:
Computer sends information to people in a usable format.
What is Difference between IT &
ICT
|
IT |
|
ICT |
|
IT is the abbreviation for Information
Technology and is used within texts to be concise |
|
ICT is the abbreviation for
Information and Communication Technology |
|
In IT, hardware is the basic computer
box and associated peripheral devices: Scanners, Printers, CD-ROM, DVD drive
and so no. |
|
In ICT, handware necessarily includes
those devices such as modems, routers and servers that makes communication
possible within and between networks. |
|
It is more than area of ICT |
|
ICT is simply a specific area of IT |
|
IT refers to entire Information domain |
|
ICT not refers to entire information
domain |
Write down the difference between Input and Output device
Input Device |
| Output Device |
An Input Device is a hardware or Peripheral device used to send data to a Computer. |
| An Output Device is any Device Used to Send data from a Computer to another device or user. |
Yes, Ability to send data to Computer. |
| No, |
An input Device is a Component used to feed information to a Computer. |
| An output Device gives Processed information back to the user. |
Examples of input device: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone |
| Examples of output device: Monitors, Projectors, Speakers, Headphones, Printers. |
Q. Write
down the importance of using computer in a hospital.
Importance
of using computer in Hospital:
1.To ensure
everybody works efficiently, communication must be timely and accurate computers make it possible for workers in
different departments to coordinate in
order to give quality services.
2.Computers
also make it possible for patients and outside partners in get in touch with
the office and get any information that may be required
3.Automation
of processed may help save lives and times.
4.Through
the use of camputers, services such as billing and patient detail compitation
can be made more efficient.
5. Medical
offices using computers are able to
serve patients much faster while ensuring accurate and secure billing
6.Medical
workeers who need to find information regarding various issues can easilycarry
out research if their offices have Internet enabled computers.
7. Computers
help in organizing and safekeeping of records. |Records can be used for future
reference or may help in accountability and transparency. These records make
auditing easier.
Stock of Medicines |
| One of the major advantages of computers in nursing is that a basic system permits the nurses to have an updated record of the medicine the hospital have in stock. |
|
|
Clinical Records |
| Computers allow nurses to get the patient's clinical records in a matter of minutes. It's not necessary for nurses to wade through stocks of papers and files anymore. |
| ||
Inproving Patient Treatment and Follow ups |
| They also document the care that was provided and make recommendations about patient treatments Computer security technology also helps nurses keep patient records private |
| ||
Research |
| Computers in nursing today contain huge medical libraries open to research and study Nursed,during their college years and when working in a hospital, need to keep updated constantly. Online data bases of medical cases from all around the world, medicine researches and treatment comparisons are essential to their professional growth. |
Describe the various use of internet in daily life?
1.Communication:
2. Education:
3. Leisure
4. Online Booking
5. Blogging
6. Shopping
1. There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything and much of it is garbage
ইন্টারনেটে অনেক ভুল তথ্য আছে। যে কেউ কোনো কিছু পোস্ট করতে পারে এবং এর বেশির ভাগই আবর্জনা।
3,some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with their interactions of friends and loved ones.
কিছু মানুষ ইন্টারনেটে আসক্ত হয়ে পড়ছে এবং এর ফলে তাদের বন্ধুবান্ধব এবং প্রিয়জনদের সাথে মিথস্ক্রিয়ায় সমস্যা তৈরি হচ্ছে।
4.pornography that can get in the hands of young children too easily পর্নোগ্রাফি যা খুব সহজেই ছোট বাচ্চাদের হাতে চলে যেতে পারে
5. Hackers can use the internet for identity theft হ্যাকাররা পরিচয় চুরির জন্য ইন্টারনেট ব্যবহার করতে পারে
1.Define
computer
2.Explain
the uses of computer in different field?
3.Write down
the main feature of computer?
4.Classify
computer?
5.Write down
the difference between analog and digital compute
6.Write down
the importance of using computer?
7.Why is charles
Babbage known as the father of computers?
8.What is
the generation of computer?
9.Explain
the various generation of computer
10.Write
down the importance of computer in nursing profession?
11.Define
internet? Write down the uses of internet?
*** Define
Web adress? give two example of web address?
***Define
E-mail?Write down the types of E-mail?
12.Define
uploading and downloading?
13.Define
network topology? Write down the types of network topology? Briefly describe
any Two.
14.Define
internet? Describe the various use of internet in daily life?
15.Draw a
block diagram of basic organization of computer system?
16.Write
down the difference between ALU and CPU.
17.Define
storage in computer? Classify the memory in computer system?
18.Write
down the difference between Ram and Rom?
19.Define
logic gate? Explain AND, NOT, NAND, NOR & Exclusive OR gates with blok
diagram symbol and truth table.
***Write
down the D-Margan’s Law.
20.Write
down the difference between IT & ICT.
21.What is
number system? Classify number system with example?
22. Convert
158 to hexadecimal. convert 10028 to hexadecimal. convert
6.18 to decimal number. convert 548 to decimal
number.convert 278 to a binary number.
23.Why is
charles babbage known as the father of computers?
24. Describe
the advantages and disadvantages of using internet?
25. Define
software? Write down the difference between hardware and software?
MCQ-
Board Question : 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023
Chapter-5
Electronic Health Record (EHR)
Q. Define electronic health record (EHR)?
Answer:
Electronci Medical Record (EMR):
An Electronci Medical Record (EMR) is a digital version of a patient's paper chart used within a single healthcare facility. It includes medical histroy, diagnoses, medications, immunizations, lab results and treatment plans specific to that facility.
Electronic Health Record (EHR)
An Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a comprehensive, digital record of a patient's health information that is designed to be shared across multiple healthcare settings. It contains data from various providers involved in the patient's care.
Computer Based Patient Record (CPR):
A Computer Based Patient Record (CPR) is an early concept of a digital record that stores a patient's complete lifetime health data. It aimed to integrate all clinical and administrative information from different providers.
Q. write down key features of EHR?
Q. write down the characteristics of electronic health record (EHR)?
|
Feature |
Description |
|
Interoperability |
EHRs can be accessed and up
updated by authorized users across multiple healthcare facilitics |
|
Comprehansive |
Includes demographics, allergies, medications, immunizations, lab
results, imaging and clinical notes. |
|
Real time access |
Enables providers to access
and update patient information instantly. |
|
Decision Support |
Offers clinical guidelines, alerts and reminders to improve diagnosis
and treatment. |
|
Patient Engagement |
Some EHRs offer patient portals for viewing health records, test
results and communication with providers |
|
Security and privacy |
Protected through encryption, access controls and compliance with
laws like HIPAA (in the U.S.) |
Q. What down the benefits of Health record (EHR)?
Benefits of EHR:
- Improved patient safety (fewer errors due to legible and complete information)
- Enhanced coordination of care.
- Reduction in redundant tests and procedures
- Easier tracking of patient outcomes
- Supports public health reporting and clinical research
- Enables lifelong health record management.
- Patient Demographics
- Medical History
- Progress Notes
- Medication and Prescription History
- Allergy and Immunization Records
- Laboratory and Imaging Reports
- Appointment and Billing Information
- Care Plans and Discharge Summaries
Q. write down the global standards used in EHRs
Q. What are the global standards used in EHRs?
Global standards Used in EHR:
|
Standard |
Purpose |
|
HL7/ FHIR |
Standard for electronci data exchange |
|
ICD-10/11 |
Disease classification codes |
|
LOINC |
Standard for lab test results |
|
SOMEDCT |
Standardized medical terminology |
|
DICOM |
Medical imaging format |
Q. Write down the challenges in EHR implementation.
Q. Mention the challenges in EHR implementation.
Answer: Challenges in EHR Implementation:
- High cost of setup and maintenance
- Training requirements for healthcare staff
- Privacy and security concerns
- Resistance to change from paper based systems
- Inteeroperability issues between different software vendors
Differeences Between EHR and CPR:
|
Criteria |
EHR |
CPR |
|
Modeern Use |
Current standard in healthcare |
obsolete term |
|
Interoperability |
Built for cross institution sharing |
Limited sharing capabilities |
|
Teerminology origin |
Standardized by health IT organizations |
Introduced in the 1990s |
|
Scope |
Broader, includes patient wellness, lifestyle data |
Focused more on clinical data |
|
Regulations/ Standards |
Subject to standards like HL7, FHIR |
Lacked consistent standards |
Benefits Associated with Electronci Health Record (EHR):
|
Benefit |
Description |
|
Improved patient care |
Immediate access to patient data enables accurate diagnosis and treatment |
|
Enhanced coordination |
Data sharing across multiple healthcare providers improves continuity of care |
|
Efficiency |
Reduces paperwork, duplicate tests and administrative errors |
|
Patient Participation |
Patients can access their records, improving engagement and selfcare |
|
safety |
Alerts for drug interactions, allergics and duplicate treatments improve safety |
Q. Characteristics of Computer Based Patient Record (CPR):
1. Patient-Centered:
- Focuses on compiling a complete, lifelong health record for each individual.
- Includes data from multiple sources and specialties
- Maintains continuous health information oveer time........... from birth through old age.
- Useful for tracking chronic conditions, vaccination history and overall care.
- Combines clinical, administrative, diagnostic and treatment data into a single system.
- May include lab results, imaging, prescriptions, allergies and discharge summaries
- Enables various healthcare providers (doctors, nurses, pharmacists) to access and contribute to the record.
- Support itam based care.
- May offer tools like alerts, reminders and guidelines to suport clinical decisions.
- Helps in reducing errors and improving outcomes.
- Access is restricted and monitored to protect sensitive patient information
- Data encryption and authentication systems are eessential.
- Uses structured formats and coding systems (e.g. ICD, SNOMED) to ensure consistent data entry and retrieval.
- Can be scaled to include moe data over time and adapted to diffeerent healthcare settings
- Interoperability : To allow different EHR systems to communicatate and exchange data.
- Accuracy & Consistency: To ensure health data is recorded uniformly.
- Data Security: To protect patient confidentality and meet legal requirements.
- Efficiency: To reduce duplication and support clinical decision making.
- Support for Research and Public Health: Standardized data can be aggregated and analyzed.
Major Global standards for EHR and Nursing Records:
|
Standard |
Purpose |
Used in |
|
HL7 (Health level seven) |
Messaging standard for transferring clinical data between systems |
EHR systems globally |
|
FHIR (Fast Healthcare interoperability Resources) |
A modeern, web-based standard for sharing health information |
Cloud based & mobile health apps |
|
ICD-10/ ICD-11 (Inteernational Classification of Diseases) |
Standard codes for diagnoses and conditions |
Hospitals, Research, billing |
|
LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes) |
Standard for lab results and clinical measurement |
Laboratories, EHRs |
|
SNOMED CT (International Classification of Diseases) |
Stamdard vocabilary for diseases, symptoms and treatments |
EHR documentation |
|
DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) |
Format for storing and sharing medical images |
Radiology and imaging systems |
- Confidentiality : Ensuring that data is accessible only to those authorized to have access.
- Integrity: Ensuring that information is accurate and has not been altered without authorization.
- Availability: Ensuring that authorized users have access to information and associated assets when required
- Firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion detection systems
- Encryption and tokenization
- Access control mechanisms (Passwords, biometrics, MFA)
- Security policies and awareness training.
- Need to know basis : Information is shared only with those who need it to peerform their duties.
- Data Classification: Labeling data (e.g. Public, internal, confidential) to apply the appropriate level or protection.
- Non-disclosure agreements (NDAs): Legal agreements to prevent disclosure of proprietary or sensitive data.
- Definition : The duty of professionals to protect peersonal information from unauthorized disclosure.
- In healthcare: Healthcare workers must keep patient information private unless the patient consents or there's a legal reason to disclose it.
- Example: A nurse should not discuss a patient's diagnosis with non-medical staff or in publish places.
- Definition: A subset of privacy that focuses specifically on the proper handling of personal data.......... how it is collected stored shared and protected
- In healthcare: This includes safeguarding digital health records ensuring pattient consent before date sharing and folowing data protection regulations.
- Example: Patients must be informed about how their health data will be used when registering at a clinic
- Definition: The systems, processed and technologies used to protect data from unauthorized access alteraction or destruction
- In Healthcare: This includes securing electronic health records (EHRs) using firewalls encryption, secure logins and regular audits
- Example: Installing antivirus software and requiring strong passwords on hospital computer
- Integrity means data is protected from being altered in unauthorized or undetected ways
- Security mechanisms like access controls, authentication and encryption help prevent tampering by unauthorized users.
- If data is modified..... maliciously or accidentally......... it can lead to incorrect decisions, financial loss or reputation damage.
- For example in healthcare or banking altered data can have life threatening or legally serious comsequences.
- Security measures like audit trails and digital signatures ensure changes to data can be traced back to specific useres or systems.
- This accountability helps detect and deter malicious behavior.
- Corrupted or altered data can disrupt operations, leading to system downtime or inaccurate outputs.
- Integrity checks (e.g. Checksums, hash functions) help verify tat data has not been ahered unexpectedly.
- Many laws (e.g. GDPR, HIPAA, SOX) require organizations to implement security controls that preserve the integrity of sensitive information
- Non-compliance can lead to legal and financial penalties
- Insideer threats (disgruntled employees) and external actors (hackers) often target data for manipulation.
- Security systems reduce the risk of data breaches, falsification or destruction
- Examples:; viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, spyware.
- Impact: Corrupts files, steals data, slows down or crashes systems or locks data for rensom.
- Method: Fake emails of messages that trick users into revealing sensitive information (like passwords or bank details)
- Impact: Identity theft, unauthorized access, financial fraud.
- Source : Employees or trusted users misusing their access.
- Impact: Data leaks, sabotage, theft of intellectual property.
- Method: Overloading a system with traffic to make it unavailable to logitimate users
- Impact: Disruption of services, financial loss, reputational damage.
- Cause: Weak passwords, lack of access control or stolen credentials
- Impact: Attackeres can view, alter or delete sensitive data.
- Definition: Attacks on unknown or unpatched software vulnerabilities
- Impact : High risk because they are difficult to detect and defend against.
- Method : Manipulating people into giving up confidential information (e.g. Pretending to be IT support)
- Impact: Breach of systems without technical hacking.
- Method: Intercepting communication between two parties (e.g. intercepting login details on public Wi-Fi)
- Impact : Data theft, manipulation of communications.
- Cause: Poor security practices, software vulnerabilities, human error.
- Impact : Loss or exposure of sensitive personal, financial or business data
- Examples: Unauthorized individuals accessing hardware or network equipment.
- Impact : Theft, damage or tampering with devices or storage systems.
- Allows secure sharing of patient data between providers, improving diagnosis and treatment.
- Facilitates remote consultations and telemedicine.
- Use of encryption, firewalls and secure cloud storage to protect health data.
- Implementation of electronic health record (EHR) systems with built in access controls.
- Interneet based systems can track who accessed or modified health records, helping detect and prevent unauthorized actions.
- Cloud solutions enable secure, offsite backups of health records aiding recovery in case of data loss.
- Healthcare is a major target for hackers, ransomware and phishing attacks
- Breaches can expose sensitive patient data (e.g. medical history, insurance identity)
- Misconfigured databases or unsecured networks can lead to accidental exposure.
- A single breach can affect millions of patient records and cost millions in damages.
- Internet connected systems can be accessed by authorized users who might abuse their privileges or accidentally mishandle data.
- Healthcare providers often rely on external vendors (e.g. billing labs, cloud storage) that may not have strong security measures.
- Systems accessed over the internet may rely on weak passwords or lack multi factor authentication, making them vulnerable to attacks
- HIPAA (U.S): Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act mandates the protection of patient data (PHI) through security and privacy rules.
- GDPR(EU): The General Data Protection Regulation requires explicit consent for processing personal health data and imposes strict security requirements.
- Local/National Laws: Many countries have specific health data protection laws (e.g. India's DPDP Act, Canada's PIPEDA, etc)
- Patients must be informed about how their data will be used and give explicit permission for its use, especially for research or third party sharing)
- Organizations are legally required to notify patients and authorities of data breaches that involve health information within a specified time.
- Fines
- Loss of Licenses/ accreditation
- Lawsuits
- Criminal charges in severe cases
- An ethical obligation for all healthcare providers to keep patient information private unless the patient consents to disclosure or it's legally required (e.g. for public health reporting)
- Patients must trust that their sensitive information is safe, Breaches of confidentiality damage patient trust, discourage full disclosure and can affect care quality.
- Patients have the right to control who accesses their data and how it's used Ignoring this undermines their autonomy.
- Eairness and Now-Discrimination
- Ethical handing of patient information means ensuring it's not misused to discriminate against individuals (e.g. in employment, insurance or access to services)
- Ethical Duty: Respect Patients rights to make informed decisions about their own care
- Information Implication: Climicians must provide accurate, complete and understandable information.
- Beneficence : Act in the patient's best inteerest
- Non-maleficence: Do no harm
- Both require using the most accurate and updated clinical information to avoid medical errors.
- Patient data must be kept private unless there's explicit consent or a legal/ clinical need to share it.
- Breaching confidentiality undermines trust and can cause harm
- Ethically,care and information must be provided fairly, regardless of age, gender, face, income or lecation
- Information systems must be designed to support equitable access to care.
- Ethical obligation to ensure patients understand the risks, begefits and alternatives before treatment
- Health information systems must support clear and documented consent processes.
- Providers are legally obligated to meet professional standards of care.
- Inaccurate or missing health information can result in malpractice claims if it leads to harm.
- How patient data is collected stored shared
- Patients rights to access and correct their information
- Now compliance can lead to fines, sanctions or loss of license
- Clinicians are legally required to maintain accurate, timely and complete records
- Poor documentation can affect patient safety and lead to legal liability.
- Laws require organizations to secure patient data and report breaches.
- Legal action may follow if breaches are caused by negigence.
- Consent must be legally valid (given by someone with capacity,freely and with addquate information)
- Special care is needed for minors,eldeerly or mentaly incapacitated patients
- Ethical Concern: Nurses must protect Sensitive patient information accessed via digital systems.
- Risk: Breaches can occur through unsecured devices, accidental sharing or weak passwords.
- Example: Accessing patient data in public or leaving EHR open on unattended computers.
- Patients must understand how their data will be used in digital platforms.
- Nurses play a key role in explaining telehealth tools, remote monitoring or health apps
- Digital health may exclude patients with limited access to technology, internet or digital literacy.
- Nurses must advocate for fair access to care, especially for vulnerable populations
- Ethical boundaries can be blurred when nurses use social media, messaging apps or virtual platforms.
- Nurses must avoid dual relationships or oversharing in digital communication with patients
- Nurses are ethically obligated to enter and maintain accurate and up to date data in digital records to ensure safe care.
- Prevents medical errors caused by incorrect or incomplete data.
- Supports accurate diagnosis and treatment plans.
- Ensures regulatory compliance (e.g HIPAA, GDPR)
- Enables effective reserch and population health analysis
- Builds trust in digital health systems (EHRs, telehealth etc)
|
Aspect |
online storage (cloud/Networked) |
Offline storage (local/ Manual) |
|
Accessibility |
Remote and instant access |
Access limited to location |
|
Data sync & Backup |
Automatic, real time syncing |
Manual backups required |
|
Security |
Requires strong cybersecurity measures |
Physical security (Locked rooms, fireproofs) |
|
Searchability |
Fast and indexed search capabilities |
Manual, slower tetrieval |
|
Maintenance |
vendor supported updates and backups |
Requires on site IT support |
|
Dependence |
Needs inteernet access |
Functions without network connectivity |
- It incudes clinical services (telemedicine) and non-clinical services like education, health monitoring and administrative meetings
- Commonly used in rural, underserved or remote areas where in-person access is limited
- Improved Access to care : Especially for rural or mobility impaired patients
- Convenience and Time Saving : No travel or long wait times
- Cost Effective : Reduces overhead for clinics and travel costs for patients
- Continuity of care: Better folow ups and monitoring for chromic diseases
- Infection Control: Minimizes exposure to contagious diseases (E.g. during pandemics)
- Better Resource Utilization: Optimizes healthcare workforce and infrastructure.
- Smartphones, tablets, laptops or desktop computers
- Telemedicine carts (mobile units with cameras and monitors)
- Remote patient monitoring devices (e.g. BP monitors, gluconeters)
- Video confeerencing software (Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Doxy.me etc)
- Electronic Health Records (EHR) integration.
- Secure messaging systems
- High speed internet
- Secure Wi-Fi and VPNs for data privacy
- Digital Stethoscopes, otoscopes dermatoscopes
- Webcams, microphones and speakers.
- Expanded Role: Nurses take on roles in triage, education, care c oordination and remote monitoring
- Skill Development: Requires training in digital literacy and virtual communication
- Patient Advocacy: nurses guide patients in using technology and understanding care plans
- work Flexibility: Enables remote work and extended service hours
- Care Continuity: Nurses ensure follow up medication adherence and home care support.
- Expanded Role: Nurses take on roles in triage, education, care coordination and r emote monitoring
- Skill Development: Requires training in digital literacy and virtual communication
- Patient Advocacy: Nurses guide patients in using technology and understanding care plans
- Work Flexibility: Enables remote work and extended service hours
- Care continuity: Nurses ensure follow up, medication adherence and home care support.
- Licensure: Nurses must be licensed in the state where the patient is located
- Informed consent: Must inform patients about telehealth limitations and obtain consent
- Privacy and Confidentiality : Must comply with data protection laws (e.e. HIPAA in the U.S)
- Documentation: Must keep accurate and secure records of virtual encounter
- Scope of practice : Nurses must adhere to their professional scope and not exceed it in telehealth settings
- Malpractice Liability: Risk still applies, professional liability insurance is recommended.
- High definition cameras and quality audio systems
- Secure, encrypted platforms (to protect patient data)
- Virtual consultations and follow ups
- Remote diagnosis and monitoring
- Interdiseiplinary team meetings
- Patient and family education
- Ensure good lighting sound quality and privacy
- Test equipment before sessions
- Use platforms that are HIPAA compliant (or meet regional standards)
মডেল, আইডিয়াল ও বি,এস,সি এর ছাত্র-ছাত্রীরা তোমাদের এই প্রশ্ন অনুয়ায়ী পরীক্ষা হলে কোন সমস্যা আছে কি না জানাও, সে অনুয়ায়ী আমি প্রশ্ন করতে পারি।
Thank you sir